Hawthorne studies Essay Example for Free

Hawthorne studies Essay A student of science conducts a research study in order to test a hypothesis or a theory. He/she is guided by a problem and or questions that he/she hopes to answer in order to refute or confirm existing theoretical constructs. A research study is an application of the scientific method and a researcher delves into that with a set of predetermined hypotheses. There are many ways of conducting researches but experiments are the most applicable if the study seeks to establish cause and effect. The Hawthorne studies started out with the purpose to prove that lighting in the workroom had an effect on worker productivity (Ballantyne, 2000). Although the motivation for conducting the research was utilitarian it however forever changed the concept of management and gave birth to the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. The insights I gained from digesting the Hawthorne studies were that a research study does not necessarily confirm our research assumptions (Fawcett Downs, 1999). Conducting a research is actually like wading into a pool full of disparate objects and sometimes what we find is not what we are looking for. It is important to maintain objectivity and we must not force or lead our discussions and findings towards supporting our hypothesis if we truly want to be scientific and maintain academic integrity. Another thing I learned was that even if we are guided by a research problem that we wish to answer, it is how we measure and manipulate the variables that we want to explore dictates the results that the study yields. In the Hawthorne studies on lighting and work productivity, although the variable degree of illumination was manipulated to test whether work output increased, the relationship was not established because the researchers was not able to identify beforehand that the presence of the researchers was an extraneous variable (Levine Parkinson, 1994) hence the concept of the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† which referred to the phenomenon where the presence of the researcher corrupts the results of the experiment. Lastly, the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that even the most rigorous experiments or study has limitations and anyone who wishes to conduct experiments must recognize in the outset what the limitations of his/her study are.

Emotions Seen In of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

Emotions Seen in "Of Mice and Men" This essay will deal with the way emotions were used in the story of "Of Mice and Men". Not only friendship and loyalty between George and Lennie. Faith, hope, charity, love, hate, jealousy and indifference are among the other emotions that develops during the story between them and the other characters, and that shows us Steinbeck's way of character definition. In the beginning of the story, we think that everything between George and Lennie is a big friendship, but even them show other emotions during the story. Lennie shows his childish way of dealing with anything, desperation and fear when Crooks tease him, saying that George is hurt and is not coming back, and when he has the dreams of Aunt Clara and The Gigantic Rabbit. George shows indecision on how to deal with Lennie and when he's going to kill him. Both have a dream together. A faith in each other that make them think that they are different. They have a future. They have each other to look for them. When they arrive in the ranch we learn that the boss is a person that cares for people weaker than other. It's a kind of charity. When he thinks that Lennie is being sold, he goes to his side, try to help him. From Candy, we see love towards his dog that he had for so long and we see a guilty feeling for letting others execute him. Curly show hate and jealousy at the same time. Because he's not a big guy, he wants to fight all of them, and because he's always the winner (Just because he doesn't fight fairly), he is proud to tell everybody that he's the best. Slim is a man who shows a lot of emotions during the story. He shows us indifference to Curly and friendship towards Lennie, but when Lennie killed the woman, and George killed him, he's the only one who seems to know why he done that. Curly's wife shows us unhappiness with her marriage and with the way her life got into. Crooks has an important role in the story, showing us his feelings about prejudice and how he feels bad, because he is rejected by all.

Glue Sniffing Practices Street Children Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to Child Workers In Nepal Concerned Centre street kids are those who are wholly street based, working and populating in the street.They could be orphans or abandoned kids or merely ignored or runways they could be with or without household. They could hold small or no contact with their several households. The job of street kids is cosmopolitan and is relatively really high in those states where there is rapid urbanisation. The figure of street kids has grown in recent decennaries because of broad spread recession, political convulsion, civil agitation, increasing household decomposition, natural catastrophe and turning urbanisation. [ 1 ] Street kids are among the high hazard and insecure group and they are accordingly more vulnerable to assorted types of substance maltreatment, and most common types are dissolvers and inhalants. [ 1 ] WHO estimates that globally,25 % to 90 % of street kids involved in substance maltreatment.Problem statementGlobalHarmonizing to WHO appraisal, there are more so 100 million street kids in the universe and more so 25 million are from developing states and most of them are adolescent. A study based on study conducted by WHO indicated that it reaches about 25-30 million in developed states. [ 2 ] Surveies suggest that 80-90 % of street kids in Latin America have some contact with their households. Surveys besides indicate that street kids in Latin America are 8-17 old ages old, with 9 old ages old being the mean age upon come ining the street. Girls consist 10-15 % of street kids and Black and assorted race kids may be over-represented among street kids in the part. [ 3 ] Street kids cited a figure of grounds for being on the streets. These includes gaining income, being orphaned, maltreatment by stepfathers/stepmothers/some relations, unequal attention and support by parents or defenders and peer force per unit area. Although substance abuse among kids in India has been documented for over a decennary, volatile substance abuse ( VSM ) is a relatively recent phenomenon there.. Reported sensed benefits include enhanced physical strength, decreased shyness, sleep initiation, experiencing good, and blunting physical and psychological hurting. Identified hazard factors include domestic force, a dictatorial male parent, presence of stepparents, migratory position, and substance usage in the household. [ 4 ] A survey on street kids in Delhi among 115 male street kids aged 6-16 revealed that more than half of the topics had indulged in substance usage before coming to the observation place. The agents consumed were nicotine, inhalants, intoxicant and cannabis.Substance usage in street kids is associated with unstable places and ill-treatment. [ 5 ] There are an estimated 3,500-5,000 street kids populating on the streets of Lahore, Pakistan. A disproportional figure of these kids use drugs and engage in survival sex as get bying mechanisms. Of the entire sample, 17.0 % reported ne'er holding used drugs, 15.9 % reported being former drug users, and 67.1 % reported holding used drugs in the month before enrollment. Participants were 96 % male childs with a average age of 13 old ages. The average length of life on the streets was 18 months, and 52.7 % had of all time been arrested by the constabulary. Odd occupations, beggary, and pickpocketing were the primary beginnings of reported income. [ 6 ] A cross-sectional analytical survey of street kids on local authorities country of South western Niegeria showed that, the average age was 16.2 A ± 1.3 old ages, and there were more males ( 58.3 % ) than females. Most of the respondents ( 65 % ) were still populating with their parents. Fifty-three per cent of the respondents were current psychotropic substance users and the five commonest substances used were kola nut ( 58.6 % ) , intoxicant ( 43.6 % ) , baccy ( 41.4 % ) , marijuana ( 25.4 % ) and â€Å" sokudaye † Similarly, low connection with female parent and friends and low parental presence were significantly associated with current substance usage. [ 7 ] ( mentions: relationship as determiners of substance usage amongst street kids in a local authorities country in south western Niegeria. )NationalIn 1992 CWIN estimated that around 5000 have landed on the street of metropoliss of Nepal.Furthermore, the population of the street kids in Kathmandu entirely estimated by CWIN was around 1200 in 1996.CWIN was reported 330 new street kids in kthmandu in 1997 ; nevertheless they estimated entire figure around 1000. Their figure has shot up three creases within 10 old ages & A ; this job in Nepal will present a existent menace in future, particularly if the current tendencies towards unsupervised urbanisation continues. [ 8 ] In Nepal, the sum estimated figure of street kids is 40,000, in urban Centres. CWIN estimates that there are about 800-900 street kids in Kathmandu vale. [ 8 ] Harmonizing to CWIN, the overall usage of baccy is 55 % among street kids. Between 25-90 % of street kids use substances of one sort or other. Glue sniffing is emerging tendency in Nepal. It is fast going an dependence among street kids in Kathmandu.the current prevelant of glue whiffing among street kids is 51.7 % in Kathmandu valley.19.7 % have started utilizing glue two old ages ago,34.4 % started a twelvemonth ago and 27.9 % started merely few months back. [ 9 ] Glue sniffing can be termed as ‘group activity'among street children.95.1 % kids use gum with friends,77 % usage gum in equal influence and 60.7 % kids sniff glue day-to-day. [ 9 ]Rationale of the survey ( justification )Glue sniffing and street kids both are major public wellness every bit good as societal job in Nepal. Harmonizing to UN convention on the right of kid, every kid has the right to profit from societal security & A ; protection from development and drug maltreatment ; glue sniffing among street kids is comparatively new tendency and seems to be increasing in dismaying gait around the universe and in Nepal excessively. Besides as a personal intrest of kid and adolescent wellness, it is traveling to carry on.Research inquiry1 ) what is the position of glue whiffing among street kids? 2 ) what are the assorted factors which contribute street kids to whiff gum?Aims1 ) General aim: To happen out the position of gum sniffing and factors impacting it among street kids. 2 ) specific aims: I ) to place the form and frequence of glue sniffing. two ) to place the grounds why street kids sniff gum. three ) to measure the cognition about harmful effects of glue sniffing.VariablesDependent variable Glue whiffing two ) Independent variable A ) demographic variable a ) Age of the street kids B ) Sexual activity of the street striplings degree Celsius ) Educational position B ) Family support C ) Peer force per unit area D ) Easy handiness of gum Tocopherol ) Hunger F ) Entertainment G ) income of street kids H ) Risk taking behaviour I ) Growth of pack activityConceptual Modelincome Age Sexual activity Educational position Glue whiffing among street childrenFamilysupport growing of pack amusement handiness equal force per unit area hazard taking behaviour hungrinessoperational definition1 ) Glue: A gluey substance used for fall ining things ; such as connection places, rug, etc. 2 ) sniffing: Substance which is straight sprayed or inhaled into the oral cavity. 3 ) street kids: kids who are completly street based, working and populating in the street. 4 ) Education: Educational position of street kids is categorized into illetrate, read and compose, primary and secondary.Research methodological analysis1.study design: The survey design will be descriptive, crosssectional and explorative to run into the aims. 2.Study method: To run into the aims, both quantitative every bit good as qualitative attack will be applied. The quantitative attack provides numerical consequences, that can be used to see the form, frequence and factors of issues being studied. On the other manus, the qualitative attack will be used for aggregation of information on issues that are hard to obtain from a quantitative study. Thus information obtained from each attack will be used as complementary to the other. 3.Site choice: Different countries of Kathmandu ( i.e Basasntapur, kalopul, Setopul, Gausala, Samakhusi, Dillibazar ) is selected purposively because Kathmandu entirely contains 900-1200 street kids as appraisal done by CWIN. Besides it is easy accessible and economic topographic point to make research in context from Institute Of Medicine. 4.Study population: The survey population will be the street kids of age 6-16 old ages, nowadays at the clip of informations aggregation. 5.Sampling technique: Non Probability sampling. 6.Unit of analysis: Individual 7.Sample size: For the computation of sample size, following expression will be used: N= Z2pq /L2 Where, P= % engagement of street kids in gum sniffing ( Current prevalence of glue sniffing is 51.7 % among street kids of ktm vale, harmonizing to CWIN ) q= 1-p = 100-51.7= 48.3 % L= Allowable error=20 % of P =0.1034 Therefore, n =90. ( Recalculate the sample size, it would be 98 )Tools of informations aggregationInterview agenda: The structured and semistructured questionnaire will be used to roll up the information. Case survey guideline: Few instance surveies will be done to examine into sensitive issues every bit good as for aggregation of information on issues that are hard to obtain from quantitative study.TechniquesInterview: interview will be conducted among street kids by utilizing structured and semistructured questionnaire. Case survey: instance survey will be conducted among 5-10 kids by the usage of instance survey guideline.Data processing and analysisRaw informations will be decently edited and coded in the same twenty-four hours of informations aggregation in order to simplify the informations entry. Data of questionnaire will be entered in Epiinfo plan. Data analysis will be done in footings of per centum distribution. What about the qualitative informations?Validity and ReliabilityValidity and dependability of the survey is ensured by the undermentioned steps: Tools will be prepared as per the suggestion & A ; counsel of research usher. Pretesting of the tools will be done prior to the survey in a similar population. Important research categories and appropriate supervising by instructors. Researcher himself will be involved in the procedure of informations aggregation.Ethical considerationsPurpose and aims of the survey will be clarified to each respondent. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants before get downing interview. The collected informations will be used merely for the aim of the survey. Confidentiality & A ; privateness of the information provided by the participant will be maintained every bit far as possible.Restrictions of the surveyThis survey is limited in clip and resource. Due to little survey sample the result of the research may non generalise the full mark population. Random sampling is non possible due to dispersing of the sample population. All respondents may non give right information due to vacillation.Proposed budget

Educational Nursing Strategies: Prevention of Elder Abuse and Neglect

Canada’s population is ageing. Along with the increasing population of elderly, the rate of abuse and neglect in long term care facilities has risen proportionately, and nursing practice is presented with formidable challenges that call for prevention of elder abuse.Recent studies in the literature on elder abuse and neglect emerge with consistent inferences that primary care workers in long term facilities are complicated by an understaffed and unprepared workforce that lack the specific knowledge and training to successfully prevent and report elder abuse and neglect. The purpose of this paper is to explore the strategies to improve reporting, increase awareness, and manage elderly abuse in long term facilities.IntroductionStatistics Canada (2005), â€Å"predicted a substantial growth in the senior population in Canada from 3.5 million people in 1996 to 6.9 by 2021.† The aging population is growing globally, and â€Å"society places great demands upon the health care system to meet the needs of elder persons† (Zamaal, 2006, Pg 2.).Statistics Canada (2007), reported â€Å"more than 150,000 Canadian seniors are now living in residential care facilities† (p.16). An already overwhelmed healthcare system with a critical nursing and staffing shortage now faces the special needs of a continuing growing population with specific and substantial needs.As Canadians increase their life spans, the demands placed on institutional facilities to deliver quality care of elder residents becomes critical in educational and training planning (Zamaal, 2006, p.5). Abuse of older people is a complex phenomenon which in some instances will require complex prevention and management strategies (British Geriatrics Society, 2002, p. 313).The dependence of an elderly person can increase her risk to violence by causing a strain on family relationships that escalates as the older person becomes more vulnerable and requires more care. â€Å"At the very core of a buse is this fundamental loss of respect for older people andtheir resultant vulnerability† (British Geriatrics Society, 2002, p. 313).Many victims do not report the abuse from families, and the problem is complicated with their dependence on the perpetrator, especially if the abuse comes from an adult child, friend, or persons held in a trusted position (National Counseling on Ageing and Older People, 2006).According to a study (Wolf, 2004), a qualitative survey of Canadian elders showed that 4.0 percent of older adults surveyed had been abused at some time by a family member or caregiver (p. 39).According to the National Advisory Council on Aging (2006), â€Å"Canada’s abuse and neglect of the elderly are thought to be seriously under-reported, so statistics are unreliable, due to surveys that capture only what the victims want to disclose, while police data reveal only the abuse that comes to their attention.†

World War II History

World War II History The World War II, which occurred towards the end of the first half of the twentieth century, is important for the history of the United States. The consequences of the war had an impact on the political affairs of the world and resulted in a major change of the course of the history of the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on World War II History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The majority of the powerful nations in the world participated in the combat that was categorized into two conflicting military coalitions: the Axis and the Allies. During World War II, there was a massive engagement of army recruits and at the end of the war, there were many casualties, consisting mainly of civilians. As such, the war was the most extensive and severest battles in the history of humankind. Because of these, the memories of the bloody battle still linger in the thoughts of most individuals who participated in the c ombat in one way or the other. Specifically, in my interview with a former United States soldier, called Andrew Livingstone, who was engaged in the battle at only eighteen years old, I have learnt a lot about the history of the country during this period of battle. Similar to the account in most historic books, Andrew told me that the war began on September 1, 1939. In my interview with him, I asked him if he knew any causes of the historic conflict. He said, â€Å"I cannot really remember many reasons that spurred the conflict to start; however, the major one I remember was due to the Prussian militarism that developed for close to two hundred years.† He explained that this power made Germany to be influential and gave the opportunity for a madman and a gimmick in politics, like Adolf Hitler, to have a domineering influence in the affairs of the world, especially after the Germans were conquered in the First World War. As a result, he was the man behind the start of the Seco nd World War as he had the motive of increasing the territorial boundaries of Germany so as to enable his country to rule the whole world. In the same way, Raum, in the book World War II: an Interactive History Adventure, also say that the evil intentions of Adolf Hitler are what led to the war. Nonetheless, Raum also notes that Hitler had developed hatred for the Jews since he considered them to be weak and thus he wanted a way of getting rid of them (10).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Andrew (now deceased) was compelled to join the war on 10 January 1942, which was about one month after the U.S. joined the war. He said, â€Å"I opted to join the war because I was under pressure from my family and friends to engage in service to my country.† Andrew’s father served the U.S. military as a soldier and although he died in the battlefield, he played a cruc ial role in ensuring that his son takes part in the battle, especially when Japan carried out a surprise attack on the U.S. on 7 December 1941 at Pearl Harbor. Because the threat of the Japanese was huge in the war, every citizen was urged to do what he or she could perform to ensure that the foreigners did not annihilate the U.S. Thus, with the desire to serve his country, Andrew willingly accepted the call to be of service in the military so as to defend his country. Similarly, Isserman and Bowman also note that there was intense mobilization for the war. They say, â€Å"In the early days of 1942, a spirit of unity gripped the nation. It was best summed up by the slogan â€Å"Remember Pearl Harbor† (36). Additionally, Isserman and Bowman note that the U.S. was under threat because it had not engaged in any conflict since the end of the First World War; thus, it was compelled to search for recruits to strengthen the army. After joining the military, Andrew learnt that the J apanese were incapable of matching up the strength of the U.S. in war and that they had started a conflict that they were not able to win. Andrew later learnt that the renowned Japanese military leader, Admiral Yamamoto, had cautioned his country against starting a war with the U.S. but the extreme militarist management of the army failed to heed to his advice. One major occurrence that still lingers in Andrew’s mind is the battle of Midway in which the Japanese experienced a major loss. Taking place a half a year after the battle of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese army lost the majority of their aircraft carriers force during the historic battle of Midway (Yoshida and Boyd, 76). Even though Andrew was not allowed to take part in this conflict because he was considered inexperienced in matters of war, he was endowed with the responsibility of taking supplies to the soldiers who were in the battlefield. Sadly, he lost his dad who was among the casualties that the United States expe rienced in the historic combat of Midway.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on World War II History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A question I raised to Andrew is to explain to me how some countries formed the Axis and the others the Allies. I realized that his explanation was similar to that given by Raum. He said, â€Å"Germany, Italy, and Japan came together to form the Tripartite Pact, which resulted in their forming a military coalition referred to as the axis.† The aggressive Japan army attacked Asian nations, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and several individuals ended up losing their lives. The government of Japan then was very ruthless. In order to support its war engagements, it forced its people to endure long working hours, deprivation of necessities, economic difficulties, and other forceful malpractices. And, as a major axis power in Europe, the Germans also carried out inhuma ne treatments to people that resulted in massive loss of lives. Notably, the German forces carried out the holocaust in Europe that involved the slaughter of approximately six million Jews and subjecting several others to brutal conditions in the camps. The Germans tortured, starved to death, and even shot their victims who were serving as internees. On the other hand, the United States, the Great Britain, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics came together to form the keys allies of Word War II. In my conversation with Andrew, he made me understand that the allies decided to engage in the combat due to their previous invasion or because they considered the advancement of the axis powers a threat to their superior status in the world. Specifically, he mentioned that extensive mobilization efforts to compel people to participate either directly or indirectly in the conflict established the beginning of the U.S. participation in the global warfare. As pointed above, this is the reason why he himself participated in the war. After the U.S. was provoked to enter into the conflict, it encouraged several dedicated men and women to participate directly in the war abroad. Similarly, those left behind struggled to provide them with assistance through providing necessary resources for their sustenance in the battlefield. During his engagement in the war, Andrew observed that the economy of the U.S. was getting back on track after about one decade of suffering from depression. Several of the Americans who had been without jobs quickly found means of earning income so as to sustain them and pay off previous debts.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The United States government feared that the Japanese could attack its West Coast; therefore, they detained several of the Japanese Americans who dwelt in the country in internment camps. Following the end of the confinement program, three years after the war, several of the Americans who came from other countries had served as internees. A vivid memory that Andrew still retained appertained to the last scenes of the combat that resulted in the collapse of the axis and victory to the allies. â€Å"Following bloody years of battle, on June 6, 1944, the western allies eventually were prepared to invade Western Europe with the intention of taking up Germany from the West that matched up with the advancement of the Russians from the East,† Andrew said. He explained that the attack by the French forces was on the D-Day but this played a little role in changing the outcome of the conflict, since the German forces had started giving up. Eventually, the culmination of the bloody conf lict came in 1945 when the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Japan. World War II resulted in the demise of over 400,000 United States soldiers and several others suffered severe injuries (Dickson, 1246). As the war ended, the allies were declared victorious and the axes were compelled to surrender to them. Because he lived through the major part of the second half of the twentieth century, Andrew observed how the war was significant in shaping the relationship between the United States and other countries around the world, especially Japan. Following the Word War II, Japan distinguished itself as one of the close associates of the U.S. in international relations and trade. And, this close association between the two countries turned attention from Japan’s responsibility in the war and has assisted it in improving its economic growth from the devastations that were caused from the Second World War. After the war, Japan began to imitate the free world’s ideologi es in societal norms and even in governance structure. After admitting defeat, the U.S. established a democratic system of governance in four of Japan’s islands, established a new constitution that reduced the powers of the Emperor in the new democratic government, and assisted in the addressing of human issues in the country. This is an example that Andrew gave me to illustrate that the Second World War indeed has been of great economic and societal significance to the people in the world. In conclusion, my talk with Andrew assisted me to know the history of the United States and its role in the Second World War. As one of the major conflicts of the twentieth century, the war played a critical role in defining the position of the United States as the world’s superpower. Similar to Andrew whom I managed to interview, the events of the war are still vivid in the memory of most people who participated in the conflict either directly or indirectly. Dickson, Keith D. Worl d War II almanac 1. New York: Facts on File, 2008. Print. Isserman, Maurice, and Bowman, Stewart J. Word War II. New York: Facts on File, 2003. Print. Raum, Elizabeth. World War II: an interactive history adventure. Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press, 2009. Print. Yoshida, Akihiko, and Boyd, Carl. The Japanese submarine force and World War II.  Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2002. Print.

Hammer-Headed Bat Facts (Big-Lipped Bat)

Hammer-Headed Bat Facts (Big-Lipped Bat) The hammer-headed bat is a real animal, and its scientific name (Hypsignathus monstrosus) references its monstrous appearance. Indeed, websites and social media describe the hammer-headed bats appearance as the spitting image of a devil and even claim that its a cryptid known as the Jersey Devil. Despite its fearsome attributes, however, this bat is a mild-mannered fruit-eater. Nevertheless, you shouldnt get too close, because its one of three species of African fruit bat believed to carry the Ebola virus. Fast Facts: Hammer-Headed Bat Scientific Name: Hypsignathus monstrosusCommon Names: Hammer-headed bat, hammerhead bat, big-lipped batBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Wingspan 27.0-38.2  inches; Body 7.7-11.2  inchesWeight: 7.7-15.9 ouncesLifespan: 30 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Equatorial AfricaPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Least Concern Description The hammer-headed bat is a type of megabat and the largest bat native to Africa. Both males and females are grayish brown, with brown ears and flight membranes, and tufts of white fur at the base of the ears. An adult bat ranges from 7.7 to 11.2 in body length, with a wingspan of 27.0 to 38.2  in. Males range in weight from 8.0 to 15.9  oz, while females weigh 7.7 to 13.3  oz. Male hammer-headed bats are larger than females and look so different from their mates that it would be easy to think they belonged to a different species. Only the males have large, elongated heads. Female hammer-headed bats have the fox-faced appearance common to most fruit bats. This hammer-headed bat looks unnaturally large because it is closer to the camera than its handler. Per Se, Flickr The hammer-headed bat is sometimes confused with Wahlbergs epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), which belongs to the same family but is smaller. Wahlbergs epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) also has a hammer-head face. Michele DAmico supersky77 / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Hammer-headed bats occur across equatorial Africa at elevations below 1800 m (5900 ft). They favor humid habitats, including rivers, swamps, mangroves, and palm forests. Hammer-headed bat distribution map. Chermundy Diet Hammer-headed bats are frugivores, which means their diet consists entirely of fruit. While figs are their favored food, they also eat bananas, mangoes, and guavas. The bat has a longer intestine than that of an insectivorous species, allowing it to absorb more protein from its food. There is a sole report of a bat eating a chicken, but no carnivorous activity has been substantiated. The bats are preyed upon by humans and birds of prey. They are also susceptible to severe parasite infestations. Hammer-headed bats are prone to infection by mites and Hepatocystis carpenteri, a protozoan that affects the liver. The species is a suspected reservoir for the Ebola virus, but as of 2017, only antibodies against the virus (not the virus itself) have been found in the animals. Whether or not the bats can transmit Ebola infection to humans is unknown. Behavior During the day, the bats roost in trees, relying on their coloration to camouflage them from predators. They pick and eat fruit at night. One reason large bats such as the hammer-headed bat are nocturnal is because their bodies generate considerable heat when they are flying. Being active at night helps keep the animals from overheating. Reproduction and Offspring Breeding takes place during dry seasons for some populations and at any time of the year for others. Most members of this bat species reproduce via lek mating. In this type of mating, males gather in groups of 25 to 130 individuals to perform a mating ritual consisting of wing flapping and loud honking. Females fly through the group to evaluate potential mates. When a females selection is made, she lands beside a male and mating occurs. In some hammer-headed bat populations, males perform their display to attract females, but do not form groups. Females usually give birth to one offspring. The time required for gestation and weaning is unclear, but females are known to mature more quickly than males. Females reach sexual maturity at 6 months of age. It takes males a full year to develop their hammer-head faces and about 18 months before they reach maturity. The bat has a life expectancy of thirty years in the wild. Conservation Status The conservation status of the hammer-headed bat was last evaluated in 2016. The bat is categorized as least concern. Although the animal is hunted as bush meat, it occupies a large geographic range and the overall population has not experienced a rapid decline. Sources Bradbury, J. W. Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer-headed Bat. Zeitschrift fà ¼r Tierpsychologie 45 (3): 225–255, 1977. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.xDeusen, M. van, H. Carnivorous Habits of Hypsignathus monstrosus. J. Mammal. 49 (2): 335–336, 1968. doi:10.2307/1378006Langevin, P. and R. Barclay. Hypsignathus monstrosus. Mammalian Species 357: 1–4, 1990. doi:10.2307/3504110Nowak, M., R.  Walkers Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.  63–64, 1994.Tanshi, I. Hypsignathus monstrosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10734A115098825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10734A21999919.en

Advancements to allow fast HPLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Advancements to allow fast HPLC - Essay Example One of the major domains of chemistry that promises lots of advancements due to extensive research is Analytical Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the analysis of the chemical nature of matter. Analysis of chemical composition of matter is the supporting pillar to the development of any new product or structure. The collective term used for the various laboratory procedures available to separate matter into its constituent compositions to analyze their chemical nature is known as Chromatography. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a type of Column Chromatography, which is used to separate a mixture into its constituent components with the use of chemical interactions. A series of chemical interactions are used in between the substance of subject and the chromatography column.Although the concept of Liquid Chromatography dates back to 1940s, the path breaking research, in the field of HPLC is being carried out on a large scale even t oday. More samples of matter are being analyzed for their chemical behavior than ever before in the recent times. Chemists, researchers and pharmaceutical companies need to perform chromatography on large quantities of samples. The call of the day is to speed up the process of HPLC while at the same time not forsake its accuracy. The solution is to speed up the process of HPLC by a magnitude. This process known as Fast HPLC is a boon to all people and organizations concerned. The most common principle behind Fast HPLC is rapid analysis using short columns. The particles filled in the columns are also short. Various developments are taking place in the HPLC technology to aid Fast HPLC and in all cases it is observed that Fast HPLC operate nearly five times faster while at the same time not sacrificing performance, reliability and simplicity. This report aims to enumerate the various developments that are being carried out in the field of HPLC that aid Fast HPLC. The HPLC process is described with relevant terms. Several research works being carried out are explained with the intended purpose of the research. Particular topics covered in this report include advancements in monolithic columns, small particle columns and high pressure and high temperature modes and relevant developments in other methods. The report aims at understanding the advantages brought about by these advancements in the field of HPLC. Specific concentration of the report is the developments in the field of columns used in HPLC. An analysis is made as to how, advances in the columns speeds up the process of chromatography. The applications of these developments are enumerated and an analysis is provided as to how the modern developments have changed the way the process is conducted. [1][2][3] Etc. The Process The performance of HPLC is affected by a number of factors. The most important among the factors are 'Column Efficiency', 'Performance of Mobile Phase', 'Performance of Stationary Phase', 'Injectors', 'Pumps', 'Detectors', 'Columns and Column Packing' and 'Automation'. Advancements in several of these factors have led to the development of Fast HPLC. Advancements: Fast HPLC Monolithic columns: A method popularly used as a separation media for liquid chromatography has been that of monolithic stationary phases and columns. These have not taken much time to become popular however some of their features have yet to be clearly studied. Researchers comment that chromatographic behavior of these columns should be studied along with their physico-chemical and structural properties to attain progress in their design and production. Recently a technique known as fast high performance LC is becoming popular for laboratory. Here shorter columns that have higher flow rates are used thereby analysis time is