Best Analysis Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby

Best Analysis Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In The Great Gatsby, between the glittering excitement of Manhattan and the stately mansions of East and West Egg, there is a horrible stretch of road that goes through an area covered in dust and ash from the nearby factories. Why does the novel insist on spending time in this depressing place? Why, instead of simply calling it Queens, or giving it a fictional name, does Nick refer to it by the vaguely Biblical-sounding "valley of ashes"? In this article, I'll dissect this potent symbol of the failure of the American Dream, analyze the places it occurs in the text, figure out the characters who are most closely associated with this location, and give you some tips on writing essays about this image. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. What Is the Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby? The valley of ashes is the depressing industrial area of Queens that is in between West Egg and Manhattan. It isn't actually made out of ashes, but seems that way because of how gray and smoke-choked it is. This grayness and dust are directly related to the factories that are nearby- their smokestacks deposit a layer of soot and ash over everything. The valley is next to both the train tracks and the road that runs from West Egg to Manhattan- Nick and other characters travel through it via both modes of transportation. The area is also next to a small river and its drawbridge, where the products of the factories are shipped to their destinations. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Key Quotes About the Valley of Ashes Before we can figure out what the ash heaps mean as a symbol, let's do some close reading of the moments where they pop up in The Great Gatsby. Chapter 2 About half way between West Egg and New York the motor-road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile, so as to shrink away from a certain desolate area of land. This is a valley of ashes- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air. Occasionally a line of grey cars crawls along an invisible track, gives out a ghastly creak and comes to rest, and immediately the ash-grey men swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud which screens their obscure operations from your sight†¦ The valley of ashes is bounded on one side by a small foul river, and when the drawbridge is up to let barges through, the passengers on waiting trains can stare at the dismal scene for as long as half an hour. There is always a halt there of at least a minute and it was because of this that I first met Tom Buchanan's mistress. (2.1-3) After telling us about the "fine health to be pulled down out of the young breath-giving air" (1.12) of West Egg in Chapter 1, Nick shows us just how the glittering wealth of the nouveau riche who live there is accumulated. Much of it comes from industry: factories that pollute the area around them into a "grotesque" and "ghastly" version of a beautiful countryside. Instead of the bucolic, green image of a regular farm, here we have a "fantastic farm" (fantastic here means "something out of the realm of fantasy") that grows ash instead of wheat and where pollution makes the water "foul" and the air "powdery." This imagery of growth serves two purposes. First, it's disturbing, as it's clearly meant to be. The beauty of the natural world has been transformed into a horrible hellscape of gray ashes. Not only that, but it is turning regular humans into "ash-grey men" who "swarm" like insects around the factories and cargo trains (that's the "line of grey cars"). These are the people who do not get to enjoy either the luxury of life out on Long Island, or the faster-paced anonymous fun that Nick finds himself enjoying in Manhattan. In the novel's world of haves and have-nots, these are the have-nots. Second, the passage shows how disconnected the rich are from the source of their wealth. Nick is annoyed when he is a train passenger who has to wait for the drawbridge to lead barges through. But the barges are carrying the building products of the factories. Nick is a bond trader, and bonds are basically loans people give to companies (companies sell bond shares, use that money to grow, and then have to pay back that money to the people who bought the bonds). In the 1920s, the bond market was fueling the construction of skyscrapers, particularly in New York. In other words, the same construction boom that is making Queens into a valley of ashes is also buoying up the new moneyed class that populates West Egg. "Oh, sure," agreed Wilson hurriedly and went toward the little office, mingling immediately with the cement color of the walls. A white ashen dust veiled his dark suit and his pale hair as it veiled everything in the vicinityexcept his wife, who moved close to Tom. (2.17) In the valley, there is such a thick coating gray dust that it looks like everything is made out of this ashy substance. It's important to note that from a general description of people as "ash-grey men" we now see that ashy description applied specifically to George Wilson. He is covered in a "veil" of desolation, sadness, hopelessness, and everything else associated with the ash. Also, we see that Myrtle Wilson is the only thing that isn't covered by ash. She visually stands out from her surroundings since she doesn't blend into the "cement color" around her. This makes sense since she is an ambitious character who is eager to escape her life. Notice that she literally steps towards Tom, allying herself with a rich man who is only passing through the ash heaps on his way from somewhere better to somewhere better. Chapter 4 "I'm going to make a big request of you today," he said, pocketing his souvenirs with satisfaction, "so I thought you ought to know something about me. I didn't want you to think I was just some nobody."... Then the valley of ashes opened out on both sides of us, and I had a glimpse of Mrs. Wilson straining at the garage pump with panting vitality as we went by. With fenders spread like wings we scattered light through half Astoriaonly half, for as we twisted among the pillars of the elevated I heard the familiar "jugjugspat!" of a motor cycle, and a frantic policeman rode alongside. "All right, old sport," called Gatsby. We slowed down. Taking a white card from his wallet he waved it before the man's eyes. "Right you are," agreed the policeman, tipping his cap. "Know you next time, Mr. Gatsby. Excuse me!" "What was that?" I inquired. "The picture of Oxford?" "I was able to do the commissioner a favor once, and he sends me a Christmas card every year." (4.43-54) While West and East Egg are the settings for the ridiculous extravagance of both the old and new money crowd, and Manhattan the setting for business and organized crime, the valley of ashes tends to be where the novel situates the grubby and underhanded manipulations that show the darker side of the surrounding glamor. Check out just how many unethical things are going on here: Gatsby wants Nick to set him up with Daisy so they can have an affair. Mrs. Wilson's "panting vitality" reminds us of her thoroughly unpleasant relationship with Tom. A policeman lets Gatsby off the hook for speeding because of Gatsby's connections. Nick jokes about Gatsby's shady-sounding story about being an Oxford man. Gatsby hints at doing something probably illegal for the police commissioner (possibly supplying him with alcohol?) that makes the commissioner be permanently in his pocket. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Chapter 8 Wilson's glazed eyes turned out to the ashheaps, where small grey clouds took on fantastic shape and scurried here and there in the faint dawn wind. (8.101) This brief mention of the ashheaps sets up the chapter's shocking conclusion, once again positioning Wilson as a man who is coming out of the gray world of ashy pollution and factory dust. Notice how the word "fantastic" comes back. The twisted, macabre world of the valley of ashes is spreading. No longer just on the buildings, roads, and people, it is what Wilson's sky is now made out of as well. At the same time, in combination with Wilson's "glazed" eyes, the word "fantastic" seems to point to his deteriorating mental state. No telephone message arrived but the butler went without his sleep and waited for it until four o'clockuntil long after there was any one to give it to if it came. I have an idea that Gatsby himself didn't believe it would come and perhaps he no longer cared. If that was true he must have felt that he had lost the old warm world, paid a high price for living too long with a single dream. He must have looked up at an unfamiliar sky through frightening leaves and shivered as he found what a grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the scarcely created grass. A new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like air, drifted fortuitously about . . . like that ashen, fantastic figure gliding toward him through the amorphous trees. (8.0) The final reference to the ash heaps is at the moment of the murder-suicide, as George skulks towards Gatsby floating in his pool. Again, the ashy world is "fantastic"- a word that smacks of scary fairy tales and ghost stories, particularly when combined with the eerie description of Wilson as a "gliding figure" and the oddly shapeless and out of focus ("amorphous") trees. It's significant that what threatens the fancy world of the Eggs is the creeping encroachment of the ash that they so look down on and are so disgusted by. But, truth be told, I'm not a huge fan of dust getting into my house either. The Meaning and Significance of the Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby In the world of the novel, which is so much about the stark differences between the rich, the strivers, and the poor, the valley of ashes stands for the forgotten poor underclass who enable the lifestyle of the wealthy few. The people who live and work there are the factory employees whose production is driving the construction boom that supplies the residents of West Egg with wealth and also allows the criminal underclass to prosper by creating fake bonds to cash in (this is the illegal activity that Gatsby tempts Nick with). This region of industrial production is shown burying its inhabitants in the polluted byproduct of its factories: ash that covers everything from cars to buildings to people. This literal burial has a symbolic meaning as well, as those who cannot connive their way to the top are left behind to stagnate. The valley is a place of hopelessness, of loss, and of giving up. Highlighting this is the fact that Myrtle Wilson is the only ash heaps resident who isn't covered in the gray dust- she has enough ambition to try to hitch her wagon to Tom, and she hopes to the very last that he will be her ticket out of this life. On the other hand, although Wilson also tries to leave the ash heaps by moving to a different part of the state, his defeatist attitude and general weakness doom his escape attempt to failure. At the same time, the phrase "the valley of ashes" connects to the Biblical "the valley of the shadow of death" found in Psalm 23. In the psalm, this terrifying place is made safe by the presence of God. But in the novel, the valley has no divine presence or higher moral authority. Instead, the ashes point to the inexorable march toward death and dissolution, linking this valley with the Anglican burial services reminder that the body is "ashes to ashes, dust to dust." Even when George tries to sense a divine presence through the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg, the fact that no one else is impacted by this billboard's inanimate presence ultimately dooms George as well. Characters, Themes, Motifs, and Symbols Connected to the Valley of Ashes George Wilson: George Wilson's garage is right in the middle of the valley. He is so strongly identified with this place that by the end of his book he is described as an "ashen figure"- he is almost made out the dust that covers everything in this Queens neighborhood. He is also the book's weakest, most hopeless, and least ambitious character- traits that doom him in the cynical, self-serving, amoral world that Fitzgerald is describing, and traits that align with what the ash heaps represent. Myrtle Wilson: George's wife remains vibrant and colorful despite her years living in the middle of the ash heaps. Her dreams of escape enable her to avoid being covered with the dust that ends up burying everyone else. However, because her path to leaving centers on Tom, the valley of ashes ends up being Myrtle's death trap. Society and Class: Everyone who can afford to move away from the dirty and depressing valley does so, which means the only people that left to live and work there are those who have no other options. The state of this area shows what happens in a culture where getting ahead is valued above all other things: those who cannot succeed on these vicious terms have no recourse but being buried alive by pollution and misery. The Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg: The billboard that features the strikingly disquieting disembodied giant eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg is located in the middle of the valley of ashes, right next to Wilson's garage. Just as the ash heaps reveal the huge gulf between the poor and the rich, so the eyes stare at the devastation that heedless capitalism has created. This stare seems accusatory, but of course, the eyes are completely inanimate, and so whatever guilt they produce in the person they are looking at dissipates almost immediately. The eyes speak to the lack of God/religion in the novel, and that how George is the only one who outwardly grants them any larger significance beyond Nick and Tom's half-hearted discomfort under their stare. Symbols: Colors. Fitzgerald doesn't deviate from the standard association of the color gray in this novel. It describes things that are dirty, unpleasant, dull, uninteresting, monotonous, and generally depressing- all qualities that are associated with the ash heaps as well. When this color is combined with the ashes, it also stands for death, decay, and destruction (all the fun "d" words). Motif: Cars. Although most of the time, the novel treats cars as a dangerous, exciting, and liberating mode of transportation, these positive qualities fade away whenever cars enter the valley of death: On the more benign end, there is permanent traffic. (Nick complains about waiting for barges to cross under the drawbridge.) There is also the threat of running out of fuel. (Tom, Nick, and Jordan stop at Wilson's gas station to fill up because Gatsby's fake warning about the empty tank makes Nick nervous.) And of course, there are frequent wrecks (as evidenced both by the drunken accident Nick sees leaving Gatsby's party, and Tom's gleeful exclamation that a wreck means more business for Wilson's garage when they are nearing the scene of Myrtle's hit-and-run). Finally, the ash heaps are the scene of Myrtle's death by car, as Daisy runs her over, which leads us right back into the novel's ongoing theme of death and failure. This might well be the first time a drawbridge was directly connected to murder... Essay Ideas and Tips for Writing About the Valley of Ashes Now that we've explored the layers of meanings behind the valley of ashes, you're in a good place to think about how to write about this symbol. Tips for Writing About Symbols Here are some tips for how to write an essay about the role of a symbol in a novel, including the valley of ashes: Build from the text out. In this article, I first looked at the valley of ashes as it appears as a location for events in the novel, and only afterward wrote about its general meaning and connections. The same approach is good to remember for your own essay. Work from small ideas to big ones, and you'll be supporting your argument. Make an argument. It's not enough to just describe the symbol and explain its possible meanings. Instead, you have to make sure that you're making some kind of point about why/how the symbol works. How do you know if you're making an argument and not just saying the obvious? If you can imagine someone arguing the opposite of what you're saying, then you've got an argument on your hands. Don't overthink it. Sure, the ash heaps can be said to represent lots of things: the failure of the American Dream, the low position of the working class in the novel, or the way death underpins the glittering high life in Manhattan and the Eggs. But that doesn't mean that it also stands for doomed love, Gatsby's mysterious past, or international cooperation. In other words, watch out for stretching your symbol analysis too far from what the text is telling you. Essay Ideas for the Valley of Ashes Here are some possible essay arguments. You can build from them as-is, argue their opposite, or use them as jumping-off points for your own interpretation. The valley of ashes shows what happens to people who try to pursue the American Dream through honest hard work- they end up nowhere. The valley of ashes is only the most obvious site of decay in the novel. In reality, all of the places show signs of rot and decomposition which underpins the seemingly glittering lifestyle of the rich characters. For Myrtle, the valley of ashes is as inescapable a trap as the Buchanan mansion is for Daisy. The whole place might as well have barbed wire around it for how easy it is to escape. The Bottom Line The valley of ashes is the depressing industrial area of Queens between West Egg and Manhattan. It isn't actually made out of ashes, but seems that way because of how gray and smoke-choked it is. The valley is mentioned in: Chapter 2, where Nick describes what this place is like at length before he goes there to meet Tom's mistress Myrtle. Chapter 4, where it's the place Gatsby can flash his mysterious get-out-of-a-ticket-free card at a cop and also ask Nick to set him up with Daisy. Chapter 8, where a beaten down and despondent Wilson looks at the ash heaps to try to find divine moral guidance. This symbol is connected to discussions of: Class division, since it stands for the forgotten poor underclass who enable the lifestyle of the wealthy few. The way the working class is left behind, since this place is both literally burying its inhabitants in the polluted byproduct of its factories and figuratively burying those who cannot connive their way to the top to stagnate in hopelessness and despair. The absence of a moral value system, which is notably lacking in the valley, which has no divine presence or higher authority beyond a creepy inanimate billboard. The characters, themes, symbols, and motifs most closely connected to the valley of ashes are: George Wilson, whose garage is right in the middle of the valley. Myrtle Wilson, who remains vibrant and colorful despite her years living in the middle of the ash heaps. Society and class, since everyone who can afford to move away from the dirty and depressing valley does so, which means the only people that left to live and work there are those who have no other options. The Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, a billboard that speaks to the lack of God or religion in the novel. The motif of colors, where gray describes things that are dirty, unpleasant, dull, uninteresting, monotonous, and generally depressing. The motif of cars, which lose their usually positive associations whenever they enter the valley of death. What's Next? Revisit Chapter 2, Chapter 4, and Chapter 8 to see the context surrounding mentions of the valley and its ash heaps. You can even explore why the valley of ashes almost made it into the title of the novel here. Consider the characters of George and Myrtle Wilson to understand why he succumbs to the ash heaps and she rises above them. You can also read about all the other symbols in The Great Gatsby. While the Valley of Ashes is all about imagery and tone words, there are several other literary elements at play in The Great Gatsby. Learn how to spot personification and rhetorical devices in action with our guides. Need to review your knowledge of literary devices and poetic terminology for an English/Literature class? Read up on assonance, iambic pentameter, and point of view. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Customer service skills every employee needs

Customer service skills every employee needs If you work with clients on a regular basis, you always need to be on your game. Being good at customer service means that when you’re grumpy, tired, or super-busy, you still project a friendly and professional tone at all times.  Even if you’re not working directly in customer service, per se, that doesn’t mean that customer service skills do not apply to you- it can never hurt to brush up on your people skills, no matter what industry you work in. Here are a few universal skills that every good employee should master if they want to make sure not to lose clients or customers for their business- or make big jerks of themselves at crucial moments.CommunicationIf you can’t communicate well verbally and in writing, then it’s time to learn. When you are representing a company, things like poor grammar, misspellings, excessive slang, and a too-casual tone really come across as unprofessional. Aim to express yourself clearly and articulately in whateve r format you are required to. Check and double-check all written communication, and take care with your words. Then, get better at it. Solid communication skills will make everything in your life- especially your job- go more smoothly.RespectThis one seems obvious but it’s worth repeating to yourself now and again: treat others as you would like to be treated. This goes for your boss, that annoying customer screaming at you about something out of your control, and the cleaning staff. Some simple things you can do  to show respect are using a person’s name, actually listening when they talk, not talking over them, not looking bored, and making eye contact. If these actions don’t come naturally, make an effort to thoughtfully add them to your daily interactions. Pretty soon, they’ll become habit.PatienceThey don’t call it a virtue for nothing. Don’t rush people out the door, off the phone, or out of your cubicle without making sure they feel heard. Giving slower service or taking a bit of extra time is sometimes the smartest, most effective (and efficient) way to work- even when you just want to move on to the next task. Stay focused and show that you are paying attention. Give people your full concentration (please, please, don’t check your phone when someone is talking to you) and repeat back key details to demonstrate that you are listening and comprehending.KnowledgeKnow your job, your company, and your product inside out. Never be the person who doesn’t have the answer to a question- if it isn’t your department, you should know off the top of your head the right person to contact for the answer. And, of course, you should be a total  expert when it comes to your company role and responsibilities. Know everything there is to know so that if anyone comes to you with a problem you don’t have to tell them you aren’t familiar with some aspect of your job.AdaptabilityGet better at re ading people. What do they want, exactly, to happen from your interaction? And how do they want to be dealt with or addressed? Every person- customer or boss- comes with his or her set of personal quirks. It’s never about cookie-cutter solutions. Your approach for dealing with people must adapt to the specific situation. If you’re too rigid, you’ll seem fake and uncaring.CreativityBeing able to find workaround solutions and think outside of the box to solve a problem is a huge asset to any career. Cultivate your ability to think of something, anything, to help out- even when the situation seems hopeless. Stay tenacious and positive and work through it until a resolution comes to you. Even if your solution isn’t the answer, everyone will admire your dedication. When people see you are making an honest effort, they are very appreciative. You’ll come out looking like a true professional.

Feasibility of Various Techniques of Providing Fresh Water Essay

Feasibility of Various Techniques of Providing Fresh Water Accessibility in Arid Regions - Essay Example However it is now estimated that by the year 2025, 3.4 billion people would be having to deal with chronic water shortage (Calzolaio 5). And if that happens, the global community is going to witness great fighting over control of water resources unlike ever before, though water resource-related conflict has a marked history going back to medieval times (Gleick 105). Hence the focus must now shift towards addressing the causes and remedies of the fresh water availability issue. The unfortunate fact is that the need for conservation and preservation of water is present mainly in the underdeveloped regions of the world, not only because raising awareness about the problem among illiterate populations is hard but also because these areas are densely populated and require establishment of water sources in very high concentrations. Environmental factors continue to play their role in exacerbating the problem. For instance global warming is having a profound impact on the average temperatur e of the earth’s water body causing it to be more prone to evaporation and speeding up the transfer of fresh water into sea water (Vorosmarty et al., 284). Anyhow, the society must continue to look for solutions; and to continue the march towards civic sustainability. It is encouraging that in the last decade there has been many an information drive towards raising awareness among the general public about the issue of water conservation. Water management is going up the stairs of multi-national political agendas as well. Water management is the exploration of strategies for improving the quality and quantity of utilizable water while minimizing potential negative impacts on human health and environment (Drechsel et al., 14). 2. Water Situation in Arid Regions Aridity of a land implies perennial scantiness of rainfall and scarcity of inland surface water. Most of the severely arid regions of the world are found in close proximity to the line of equator. Arid and semi-arid area s comprise about thirty percent of the total land area of the earth (Joana Rosado & Maria M. Morais, 8). While it was known that mainly deserts and semi-arid areas would bear the brunt of the dip in global water security, it was not anticipated that the impact would be this great (UNEP 66). The urban centres fare relatively well in arid regions; it is the rural areas that are hit the hardest. Often availability of safe drinking water becomes a problem in rural areas because the water supply in these areas is heavily dependent upon natural availability of fresh water unlike urban centres which have public water supply mechanisms (Hauschild & Doll). Thankfully late advancement in technology has provided for effective management of fresh water supply in arid regions, diminishing dependence on natural sources by employing various water management practices such as water reuse, rainwater harvesting, enhanced groundwater recharge and inter-basin transferring etc. 3. Inter-basin Transfer T he practice of forced flow of water from one basin to another is at least a century old. It has often been done for political reasons but now there is impetus for transferring water for civic purposes. The impetus is recent development of cheap methods of moving the water. This way inland water from a region of high availability can be moved to a region of shortage. The viability of this method has been proven by its use in long-distance schemes in different areas, most notably in the recently constructed Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system

Bank management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bank management report - Essay Example This requires a combined effort on the part of the organization as well as the individual employee to ensure a fit with the job responsibilities and work profile with the career goals of an individual. The present study would highlight the aspect of occupational analysis to ensure job fit and organizational excellence. Analysis of Occupation Business organizations need to include aspects of labour demand and supply in addition to determining price and output if they want to maintain sustainability of their businesses in the prevailing competitive business environment. The labour demand curve which highlights the marginal productivity of labour as a constant function of the labour quantity is largely determined by the price of output and changes in technology. The supply of labour is largely based on the premise that humans largely tend to make a trade off between leisure and work. They largely assume that work is not enjoyable and work is not enjoyable. However they also realise that leisure normally requires a cost for the individuals. It is widely assumed that an hour of leisure requires a person to sacrifice an hour of wage (University at Albany, 2008, p.1). Figure 1: Labour Demand and Supply Curve (Source: Cuthbertson & Gripaio, 1993, p.7) The figure above shows a typical labour demand and supply curve in a perfect economic scenario. However the equilibrium between demand and supply can be shifted due to change in the individual’s perception towards work. For example previously women were largely discouraged from working which reduced the total supply of labour however with changing times women have become an integral part of the labour force causing the number of workers to increase thereby causing a shift in the supply curve. Alternative work opportunity including immigration also play a role in the shifting of the equilibrium between labour demand and supply as attractive markets outside home would cause a shift in the supply curve to the left (Un iversity at Albany, 2008, p.1-2). Human Capital Human capital or the labour force is largely affected by the aspect of wages. The marginal theory of productivity states that under purely competitive market conditions the wage rate is largely constant and hence a firm has the opportunity to decide on the total number of workers to be hired thus determining the market demand for labour on their own. The element of additional or marginal worker largely helps in determining marginal productivity (Chakravarty, 2009, p.600). Employees also have a propensity to go in for higher studies or look for alternative work options. In both these cases the labour supply reduces and the equilibrium wage price gets increased owning to greater propensity and increased marginal wages of the employees in lieu of their higher education or attractive wages in other organizations. Higher education options among the workers would largely tend to shift the labour demand curve to the rightward direction ensuri ng a shift in the equilibrium point between labour demand and supply (Hubbard & O’Brien, 2008, p.504). Labour Migration In a market characterised by elements of perfect market competition labour

Hawthorne studies Essay Example for Free

Hawthorne studies Essay A student of science conducts a research study in order to test a hypothesis or a theory. He/she is guided by a problem and or questions that he/she hopes to answer in order to refute or confirm existing theoretical constructs. A research study is an application of the scientific method and a researcher delves into that with a set of predetermined hypotheses. There are many ways of conducting researches but experiments are the most applicable if the study seeks to establish cause and effect. The Hawthorne studies started out with the purpose to prove that lighting in the workroom had an effect on worker productivity (Ballantyne, 2000). Although the motivation for conducting the research was utilitarian it however forever changed the concept of management and gave birth to the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. The insights I gained from digesting the Hawthorne studies were that a research study does not necessarily confirm our research assumptions (Fawcett Downs, 1999). Conducting a research is actually like wading into a pool full of disparate objects and sometimes what we find is not what we are looking for. It is important to maintain objectivity and we must not force or lead our discussions and findings towards supporting our hypothesis if we truly want to be scientific and maintain academic integrity. Another thing I learned was that even if we are guided by a research problem that we wish to answer, it is how we measure and manipulate the variables that we want to explore dictates the results that the study yields. In the Hawthorne studies on lighting and work productivity, although the variable degree of illumination was manipulated to test whether work output increased, the relationship was not established because the researchers was not able to identify beforehand that the presence of the researchers was an extraneous variable (Levine Parkinson, 1994) hence the concept of the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† which referred to the phenomenon where the presence of the researcher corrupts the results of the experiment. Lastly, the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that even the most rigorous experiments or study has limitations and anyone who wishes to conduct experiments must recognize in the outset what the limitations of his/her study are.

Emotions Seen In of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

Emotions Seen in "Of Mice and Men" This essay will deal with the way emotions were used in the story of "Of Mice and Men". Not only friendship and loyalty between George and Lennie. Faith, hope, charity, love, hate, jealousy and indifference are among the other emotions that develops during the story between them and the other characters, and that shows us Steinbeck's way of character definition. In the beginning of the story, we think that everything between George and Lennie is a big friendship, but even them show other emotions during the story. Lennie shows his childish way of dealing with anything, desperation and fear when Crooks tease him, saying that George is hurt and is not coming back, and when he has the dreams of Aunt Clara and The Gigantic Rabbit. George shows indecision on how to deal with Lennie and when he's going to kill him. Both have a dream together. A faith in each other that make them think that they are different. They have a future. They have each other to look for them. When they arrive in the ranch we learn that the boss is a person that cares for people weaker than other. It's a kind of charity. When he thinks that Lennie is being sold, he goes to his side, try to help him. From Candy, we see love towards his dog that he had for so long and we see a guilty feeling for letting others execute him. Curly show hate and jealousy at the same time. Because he's not a big guy, he wants to fight all of them, and because he's always the winner (Just because he doesn't fight fairly), he is proud to tell everybody that he's the best. Slim is a man who shows a lot of emotions during the story. He shows us indifference to Curly and friendship towards Lennie, but when Lennie killed the woman, and George killed him, he's the only one who seems to know why he done that. Curly's wife shows us unhappiness with her marriage and with the way her life got into. Crooks has an important role in the story, showing us his feelings about prejudice and how he feels bad, because he is rejected by all.

Glue Sniffing Practices Street Children Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to Child Workers In Nepal Concerned Centre street kids are those who are wholly street based, working and populating in the street.They could be orphans or abandoned kids or merely ignored or runways they could be with or without household. They could hold small or no contact with their several households. The job of street kids is cosmopolitan and is relatively really high in those states where there is rapid urbanisation. The figure of street kids has grown in recent decennaries because of broad spread recession, political convulsion, civil agitation, increasing household decomposition, natural catastrophe and turning urbanisation. [ 1 ] Street kids are among the high hazard and insecure group and they are accordingly more vulnerable to assorted types of substance maltreatment, and most common types are dissolvers and inhalants. [ 1 ] WHO estimates that globally,25 % to 90 % of street kids involved in substance maltreatment.Problem statementGlobalHarmonizing to WHO appraisal, there are more so 100 million street kids in the universe and more so 25 million are from developing states and most of them are adolescent. A study based on study conducted by WHO indicated that it reaches about 25-30 million in developed states. [ 2 ] Surveies suggest that 80-90 % of street kids in Latin America have some contact with their households. Surveys besides indicate that street kids in Latin America are 8-17 old ages old, with 9 old ages old being the mean age upon come ining the street. Girls consist 10-15 % of street kids and Black and assorted race kids may be over-represented among street kids in the part. [ 3 ] Street kids cited a figure of grounds for being on the streets. These includes gaining income, being orphaned, maltreatment by stepfathers/stepmothers/some relations, unequal attention and support by parents or defenders and peer force per unit area. Although substance abuse among kids in India has been documented for over a decennary, volatile substance abuse ( VSM ) is a relatively recent phenomenon there.. Reported sensed benefits include enhanced physical strength, decreased shyness, sleep initiation, experiencing good, and blunting physical and psychological hurting. Identified hazard factors include domestic force, a dictatorial male parent, presence of stepparents, migratory position, and substance usage in the household. [ 4 ] A survey on street kids in Delhi among 115 male street kids aged 6-16 revealed that more than half of the topics had indulged in substance usage before coming to the observation place. The agents consumed were nicotine, inhalants, intoxicant and cannabis.Substance usage in street kids is associated with unstable places and ill-treatment. [ 5 ] There are an estimated 3,500-5,000 street kids populating on the streets of Lahore, Pakistan. A disproportional figure of these kids use drugs and engage in survival sex as get bying mechanisms. Of the entire sample, 17.0 % reported ne'er holding used drugs, 15.9 % reported being former drug users, and 67.1 % reported holding used drugs in the month before enrollment. Participants were 96 % male childs with a average age of 13 old ages. The average length of life on the streets was 18 months, and 52.7 % had of all time been arrested by the constabulary. Odd occupations, beggary, and pickpocketing were the primary beginnings of reported income. [ 6 ] A cross-sectional analytical survey of street kids on local authorities country of South western Niegeria showed that, the average age was 16.2 A ± 1.3 old ages, and there were more males ( 58.3 % ) than females. Most of the respondents ( 65 % ) were still populating with their parents. Fifty-three per cent of the respondents were current psychotropic substance users and the five commonest substances used were kola nut ( 58.6 % ) , intoxicant ( 43.6 % ) , baccy ( 41.4 % ) , marijuana ( 25.4 % ) and â€Å" sokudaye † Similarly, low connection with female parent and friends and low parental presence were significantly associated with current substance usage. [ 7 ] ( mentions: relationship as determiners of substance usage amongst street kids in a local authorities country in south western Niegeria. )NationalIn 1992 CWIN estimated that around 5000 have landed on the street of metropoliss of Nepal.Furthermore, the population of the street kids in Kathmandu entirely estimated by CWIN was around 1200 in 1996.CWIN was reported 330 new street kids in kthmandu in 1997 ; nevertheless they estimated entire figure around 1000. Their figure has shot up three creases within 10 old ages & A ; this job in Nepal will present a existent menace in future, particularly if the current tendencies towards unsupervised urbanisation continues. [ 8 ] In Nepal, the sum estimated figure of street kids is 40,000, in urban Centres. CWIN estimates that there are about 800-900 street kids in Kathmandu vale. [ 8 ] Harmonizing to CWIN, the overall usage of baccy is 55 % among street kids. Between 25-90 % of street kids use substances of one sort or other. Glue sniffing is emerging tendency in Nepal. It is fast going an dependence among street kids in Kathmandu.the current prevelant of glue whiffing among street kids is 51.7 % in Kathmandu valley.19.7 % have started utilizing glue two old ages ago,34.4 % started a twelvemonth ago and 27.9 % started merely few months back. [ 9 ] Glue sniffing can be termed as ‘group activity'among street children.95.1 % kids use gum with friends,77 % usage gum in equal influence and 60.7 % kids sniff glue day-to-day. [ 9 ]Rationale of the survey ( justification )Glue sniffing and street kids both are major public wellness every bit good as societal job in Nepal. Harmonizing to UN convention on the right of kid, every kid has the right to profit from societal security & A ; protection from development and drug maltreatment ; glue sniffing among street kids is comparatively new tendency and seems to be increasing in dismaying gait around the universe and in Nepal excessively. Besides as a personal intrest of kid and adolescent wellness, it is traveling to carry on.Research inquiry1 ) what is the position of glue whiffing among street kids? 2 ) what are the assorted factors which contribute street kids to whiff gum?Aims1 ) General aim: To happen out the position of gum sniffing and factors impacting it among street kids. 2 ) specific aims: I ) to place the form and frequence of glue sniffing. two ) to place the grounds why street kids sniff gum. three ) to measure the cognition about harmful effects of glue sniffing.VariablesDependent variable Glue whiffing two ) Independent variable A ) demographic variable a ) Age of the street kids B ) Sexual activity of the street striplings degree Celsius ) Educational position B ) Family support C ) Peer force per unit area D ) Easy handiness of gum Tocopherol ) Hunger F ) Entertainment G ) income of street kids H ) Risk taking behaviour I ) Growth of pack activityConceptual Modelincome Age Sexual activity Educational position Glue whiffing among street childrenFamilysupport growing of pack amusement handiness equal force per unit area hazard taking behaviour hungrinessoperational definition1 ) Glue: A gluey substance used for fall ining things ; such as connection places, rug, etc. 2 ) sniffing: Substance which is straight sprayed or inhaled into the oral cavity. 3 ) street kids: kids who are completly street based, working and populating in the street. 4 ) Education: Educational position of street kids is categorized into illetrate, read and compose, primary and secondary.Research methodological analysis1.study design: The survey design will be descriptive, crosssectional and explorative to run into the aims. 2.Study method: To run into the aims, both quantitative every bit good as qualitative attack will be applied. The quantitative attack provides numerical consequences, that can be used to see the form, frequence and factors of issues being studied. On the other manus, the qualitative attack will be used for aggregation of information on issues that are hard to obtain from a quantitative study. Thus information obtained from each attack will be used as complementary to the other. 3.Site choice: Different countries of Kathmandu ( i.e Basasntapur, kalopul, Setopul, Gausala, Samakhusi, Dillibazar ) is selected purposively because Kathmandu entirely contains 900-1200 street kids as appraisal done by CWIN. Besides it is easy accessible and economic topographic point to make research in context from Institute Of Medicine. 4.Study population: The survey population will be the street kids of age 6-16 old ages, nowadays at the clip of informations aggregation. 5.Sampling technique: Non Probability sampling. 6.Unit of analysis: Individual 7.Sample size: For the computation of sample size, following expression will be used: N= Z2pq /L2 Where, P= % engagement of street kids in gum sniffing ( Current prevalence of glue sniffing is 51.7 % among street kids of ktm vale, harmonizing to CWIN ) q= 1-p = 100-51.7= 48.3 % L= Allowable error=20 % of P =0.1034 Therefore, n =90. ( Recalculate the sample size, it would be 98 )Tools of informations aggregationInterview agenda: The structured and semistructured questionnaire will be used to roll up the information. Case survey guideline: Few instance surveies will be done to examine into sensitive issues every bit good as for aggregation of information on issues that are hard to obtain from quantitative study.TechniquesInterview: interview will be conducted among street kids by utilizing structured and semistructured questionnaire. Case survey: instance survey will be conducted among 5-10 kids by the usage of instance survey guideline.Data processing and analysisRaw informations will be decently edited and coded in the same twenty-four hours of informations aggregation in order to simplify the informations entry. Data of questionnaire will be entered in Epiinfo plan. Data analysis will be done in footings of per centum distribution. What about the qualitative informations?Validity and ReliabilityValidity and dependability of the survey is ensured by the undermentioned steps: Tools will be prepared as per the suggestion & A ; counsel of research usher. Pretesting of the tools will be done prior to the survey in a similar population. Important research categories and appropriate supervising by instructors. Researcher himself will be involved in the procedure of informations aggregation.Ethical considerationsPurpose and aims of the survey will be clarified to each respondent. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants before get downing interview. The collected informations will be used merely for the aim of the survey. Confidentiality & A ; privateness of the information provided by the participant will be maintained every bit far as possible.Restrictions of the surveyThis survey is limited in clip and resource. Due to little survey sample the result of the research may non generalise the full mark population. Random sampling is non possible due to dispersing of the sample population. All respondents may non give right information due to vacillation.Proposed budget